Definition of Nursing | Modern View of Nursing | Principles of Nursing | Objectives of Nursing | Scope of Nursing in Healthcare Delivery | Roles and Responsibilities of a Nurse

 

1. Definition of Nursing

Nursing is a science and an art that requires compassion, knowledge, and technical skills. Over time, the definition of nursing has evolved, reflecting its growing scope in healthcare. Key definitions from notable organizations are as follows:

🟢 World Health Organization (WHO) Definition

"Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups, and communities, sick or well, in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled, and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy, and education are also key nursing roles."

Key Elements:

  • Care for individuals, families, and communities
  • Health promotion, illness prevention, and rehabilitation
  • Research, advocacy, and policy shaping

🟢 International Council of Nurses (ICN) Definition

"Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups, and communities, sick or well and in all settings. It includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled, and dying people. Nursing also involves advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy, and education."

Key Elements:

  • Provides holistic care to individuals, families, and communities
  • Covers all stages of life and all health conditions
  • Involves education, research, and health policy contribution

 Modern View of Nursing

The modern view of nursing emphasizes a holistic approach where care is not limited to physical health but extends to mental, emotional, and social well-being. Nurses today work as advocates, educators, leaders, and collaborators in multidisciplinary healthcare teams. The modern concept views nursing as both a science (based on evidence and research) and an art (based on empathy, compassion, and communication skills).

2. Philosophy, Principles, and Objectives of Nursing

 Philosophy of Nursing

The philosophy of nursing defines the core beliefs and values that guide nursing practice. It includes:

  1. Holistic Care – Caring for physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs.
  2. Empathy and Compassion – Understanding patients' feelings and responding with kindness.
  3. Patient-Centered Care – Involving patients in decision-making and care plans.
  4. Dignity and Respect – Treating patients with respect and maintaining confidentiality.
  5. Commitment to Learning – Continuously updating knowledge and skills in healthcare.

 Principles of Nursing

Nursing practice is guided by certain fundamental principles, which are as follows:

  1. Principle of Individualized Care – Each patient has unique needs and requires customized care.
  2. Principle of Holistic Approach – Care should address the patient as a whole (physical, mental, social, and spiritual aspects).
  3. Principle of Patient Advocacy – Nurses advocate for patients' rights and well-being.
  4. Principle of Evidence-Based Practice – Care should be based on current research, evidence, and best practices.
  5. Principle of Ethical Practice – Nurses must follow ethical principles such as autonomy, beneficence, and non-maleficence.
  6. Principle of Collaboration – Nursing requires teamwork and collaboration with healthcare professionals.

 Objectives of Nursing

The objectives of nursing aim to improve health outcomes for individuals, families, and communities. The key objectives are:

  1. Promote Health – Encourage healthy lifestyles and preventive care.
  2. Prevent Illness – Educate communities on hygiene, vaccination, and early detection.
  3. Restore Health – Help patients recover from illness or injury through treatment, care, and rehabilitation.
  4. Alleviate Suffering – Reduce pain and suffering for those with chronic or terminal illnesses.
  5. Support End-of-Life Care – Provide palliative and hospice care to ensure dignity during the dying process.

3. Scope of Nursing in Healthcare Delivery

The scope of nursing is vast, encompassing a wide range of roles, responsibilities, and areas of practice. Nurses work in various healthcare settings, including hospitals, clinics, community health centers, schools, workplaces, and homes. The scope of nursing can be understood through the following areas:

 Clinical Practice

  • Providing direct care to patients (physical, mental, and emotional).
  • Administering medications, injections, and therapies.
  • Monitoring and recording patient progress.

 Education and Health Promotion

  • Health education for individuals, families, and communities.
  • Raising awareness of diseases, healthy habits, and preventive care.

 Research and Evidence-Based Practice

  • Conducting research to improve care quality and nursing techniques.
  • Using evidence-based practices in patient care.

 Administration and Leadership

  • Managing healthcare teams, nursing units, and wards.
  • Leading and mentoring new nurses, students, and staff.

 Advocacy and Policy Development

  • Advocating for patients' rights, privacy, and safety.
  • Contributing to health policy formulation at local, national, and global levels.

4. Roles and Responsibilities of a Nurse

Nurses play a variety of roles in healthcare, from direct care providers to educators, researchers, and advocates. The following are some key roles and responsibilities:

 Role 1: Care Provider

  • Assess patients' health needs.
  • Plan, implement, and evaluate care.
  • Provide personal care, hygiene, and comfort to patients.

 Role 2: Communicator

  • Maintain effective communication with patients, families, and healthcare teams.
  • Use therapeutic communication to comfort patients.

 Role 3: Patient Advocate

  • Act on behalf of patients, ensuring they receive proper care and support.
  • Help patients understand their rights, treatment plans, and choices.

 Role 4: Educator

  • Teach patients about health, hygiene, and disease prevention.
  • Educate communities and families on disease prevention and health promotion.

 Role 5: Leader and Manager

  • Lead nursing teams, allocate resources, and ensure quality patient care.
  • Supervise nursing staff and provide mentorship.

 Role 6: Researcher

  • Participate in research studies to develop new care models.
  • Implement evidence-based practices in nursing care.

 Role 7: Counselor

  • Provide emotional support and counseling to patients and their families.
  • Assist patients in dealing with stress, grief, and mental health issues.

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